锻件通过塑性变形塑造要求的形状或合适的压缩力的物件。通过使用铁锤或压力来实现。金属经过锻造加工后能改善其组织结构和力学性能，锻造加工能保证金属纤维组织的连续性，使锻件的纤维组织与锻件外形保持一致，金属流线完整，可保证零件具有良好的力学性能与长的使用寿命。热模锻的工艺流程为：锻坯下料；锻坯加热；辊锻备坯；模锻成形；切边；冲孔；矫正；中间检验，检验锻件的尺寸和表面缺陷；锻件热处理，用以消除锻造应力，改善金属切削性能；清理，主要是去除表面氧化皮；矫正；检查，锻件要经过外观和硬度检查，还要经过化学成分分析、机械性能、残余应力等检验和无损探伤。 锻造用料主要是各种成分的碳素钢和合金钢，其次是铝、镁、铜、钛等及其合金。材料的原始状态有棒料、铸锭、金属粉末和液态金属。锻造可分为自由锻、镦粗、挤压、模锻、闭式模锻、闭式镦锻。锻模的运动方式，锻造又可分为摆辗、摆旋锻、辊锻、楔横轧、辗环和斜轧等方式。摆辗、摆旋锻和辗 环也可用精锻加工。锻件需要每片都是一致的，没有任何多孔性、多余空间、内含物或其他的瑕疵。锻件的优点有可伸展的长度、可收缩的横截面；可收缩的长度、可伸展的横截面；可改变的长度、可改变的横截面。柴油机所用的锻件有汽缸盖、主轴颈、曲轴端法兰输出端轴、连杆、活塞杆、活塞头、十字头销轴、曲轴传动齿轮、齿圈、中间齿轮和染油泵体等十余种。
Forgings are objects that are shaped by plastic deformation to meet the required shape or suitable compression force. By using a hammer or pressure. After forging, metal can improve its microstructure and mechanical properties. Forging can ensure the continuity of metal fiber structure, keeping the fiber structure of the forging consistent with the shape of the forging. The metal flow line is intact, which can ensure that the parts have good mechanical properties and long service life. The process flow of hot die forging is as follows: cutting of forging blanks; Forging billet heating; Roll forging blank preparation; Die forging forming; Cutting edges; Punching; Correction; Intermediate inspection, checking the dimensions and surface defects of forgings; Heat treatment of forgings to eliminate forging stress and improve metal cutting performance; Cleaning, mainly to remove surface oxide scale; Correction; Inspection: Forgings need to undergo appearance and hardness inspection, as well as chemical composition analysis, mechanical properties, residual stress testing, and non-destructive testing. The main materials used for forging are carbon steel and alloy steel with various compositions, followed by aluminum, magnesium, copper, titanium, and their alloys. The original state of materials includes bars, ingots, metal powders, and liquid metals. Forging can be divided into free forging, upsetting, extrusion, die forging, closed die forging, and closed upsetting. The movement mode of forging dies can be divided into swing forging, swing rotary forging, roll forging, cross wedge rolling, ring rolling, and oblique rolling. Rotary forging, rotary forging, and ring forging can also be processed by precision forging. Forgings need to be consistent on each piece, without any porosity, excess space, inclusions, or other defects. The advantages of forgings include stretchable length and shrinkable cross-section; Shrinkable length, stretchable cross-section; Adjustable length, adjustable cross-section. There are more than ten types of forgings used in diesel engines, including cylinder head, main journal, crankshaft end flange output shaft, connecting rod, piston rod, piston head, crosshead pin shaft, crankshaft transmission gear, ring gear, intermediate gear, and dye pump body.